The GLOBE study expanded upon Hofstede's work by identifying how many cultural dimensions?

Question

Accepted Answer

Nine. The GLOBE (Global Leadership and Organizational Behavior Effectiveness) study, led by Robert House and colleagues, identified nine cultural dimensions that affect leadership and organizational practices across cultures. These dimensions are: power distance, uncertainty avoidance, humane orientation, collectivism I (institutional), collectivism II (in-group), assertiveness, gender egalitarianism, future orientation, and performance orientation. This expanded significantly upon Hofstede's original four dimensions (later expanded to six).

"Four" (four) is the number of Hofstede's original dimensions. "Six" (six) is the number of Hofstede's expanded dimensions (after adding long-term orientation and indulgence). "Twelve" (twelve) is not the correct number for any major cultural dimensions framework.

The GLOBE study was more methodologically rigorous than Hofstede's original study, involving approximately 17,000 managers from 62 countries across multiple industries. It distinguished between cultural practices (how things are) and cultural values (how things should be), providing richer insight into cultural dynamics. The GLOBE study also identified six global leadership dimensions, finding that charismatic/value-based leadership was universally endorsed while other styles varied by culture. This research is valuable for international managers seeking to understand and adapt to cultural differences.

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