According to McGregor's Theory X, managers assume that employees:

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Accepted Answer

Inherently dislike work and must be directed and controlled. Douglas McGregor's Theory X represents a set of negative assumptions about employees. Theory X managers assume that employees inherently dislike work, are lazy, avoid responsibility, must be coerced or controlled to put forth adequate effort, and are primarily motivated by security needs. Under these assumptions, managers adopt an authoritarian, directive style with close supervision and strict control systems.

"Are naturally motivated and enjoy taking responsibility" describes Theory Y assumptions  -  the positive view that employees are self-motivated, enjoy work, and willingly accept responsibility. "Perform best when given complete autonomy" also aligns more with Theory Y, which suggests employees can be self-directed. "Are primarily motivated by social needs and belonging" describes assumptions more aligned with Elton Mayo's human relations approach and Maslow's social needs, not specifically Theory X.

McGregor argued that management assumptions become self-fulfilling prophecies. Theory X managers who closely supervise and control employees create an environment where employees become passive and dependent, seemingly confirming Theory X assumptions. Conversely, Theory Y managers who empower employees create conditions that encourage initiative and responsibility. Modern management generally favors Theory Y assumptions, recognizing that most employees can be self-motivated when given meaningful work, appropriate autonomy, and supportive management.

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